Understanding The Web
WIFI & Internet For The Novice - An Explanation
Conversation with ChatGPT4 10 May 2023
Girl with Mobile Phone Artwork
WIFI - Wireless Fidelity
Question Asked: Explain to me how WIFI works?
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
Wi-Fi, or wireless fidelity, is a technology that allows computers and other devices to connect to the Internet without a physical wired connection. Here is a simplified explanation of how Wi-Fi works:
Internet Connection: It starts with an internet connection from a provider, which is typically brought into a building via a broadband cable or telephone line.
Modem and Wi-Fi Router
Modem and Wi-Fi Router: This connection is plugged into a modem, which decodes the information coming from the provider. The modem is usually connected to a Wi-Fi router. Sometimes, the modem and router are combined into a single device. The router's job is to distribute the internet connection to multiple devices.
Wireless Signal
Wireless Signal: The router converts the wired internet connection into a radio signal. This radio signal is broadcasted within a certain radius, creating a 'Wi-Fi network'. The strength and distance of this network can vary based on many factors, including the power of the router, interference from other devices, and physical barriers like walls.
Connecting Devices
Connecting Devices: Computers, smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, and other devices equipped with a wireless adapter can connect to this Wi-Fi network. The wireless adapter translates the radio signal broadcasted from the router back into data that the device can understand and use.
Data Transmission
Data Transmission: When you browse the internet, send emails, stream videos, or use any other online services on your device, your device sends requests to the router as wireless signals. The router forwards these requests to the Internet, gets the response, and sends the requested data back to your device.
Security
Security: To prevent unauthorised access, most Wi-Fi networks are secured with password-protected access, typically using protocols such as WPA2 or WPA3.
Radio Waves
Wi-Fi uses radio waves, and these waves operate on different frequencies, known as bands. The most common are the 2.4 GHz band and the 5 GHz band. The 2.4 GHz band provides longer range but potentially slower speed, while the 5 GHz band provides faster speed at a shorter range. The latest Wi-Fi standard, Wi-Fi 6, even further improves the speed, capacity, and efficiency of Wi-Fi networks.
Remember that Wi-Fi is just one method of connecting devices to the Internet or to each other. It's popular because it's wireless and relatively straightforward to set up, but other methods, like Ethernet (wired) connections, can also be used, often providing more stable and faster connections.
Encrypted Data
Question Asked: How is the data transmitted encrypted?
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
Data encryption in Wi-Fi networks is crucial for protecting sensitive information from interception or unauthorised access. Most Wi-Fi networks use the WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) protocol for encryption, which has evolved over time.
Here's a basic overview of how Wi-Fi encryption works:
Wired Equivalent Privacy - WEP
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy): This was the original encryption standard for wireless networks, but it was found to be very insecure and is now essentially obsolete. It used a static encryption key shared between devices, and hackers could easily crack it.
Wi-Fi Protected Access - WPA
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access): This was developed as a response to the problems with WEP. WPA improved upon WEP by implementing a new protocol called TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol), which dynamically changes the encryption key to make it more difficult to crack.
Wi-Fi Protected Access II – WPA2
WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access II): This is the most commonly used protocol as of my knowledge cut-off in 2021. WPA2 introduces a more secure encryption algorithm called AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), which is extremely difficult to crack. When a device connects to a WPA2-secured network, a "handshake" occurs where they agree on a passphrase, then use that to encrypt the actual data being sent over the airwaves.
Wi-Fi Protected Access III – WPA3
WPA3 (Wi-Fi Protected Access III): This is the latest protocol as of 2021. WPA3 includes even more security features, such as protection against brute force guessing of passwords and improved privacy on open networks by individualising data encryption.
Password Handshake
When you enter the password to connect to a protected Wi-Fi network, your device and the router perform a handshake to verify that the password is correct. They then use this password to create encryption keys. The data sent between your device and the router is encrypted using these keys, making it almost impossible for an eavesdropper to read.
Keep in mind that Wi-Fi encryption protects your data only while it's in transit between your device and the Wi-Fi router. Once it leaves the router and goes out on the Internet, it may or may not be encrypted, depending on the protocols used by the website or service you're accessing. This is why using secure (HTTPS) websites and services is important.
Data Protection
Question Asked: How else can you protect your data when on the internet?
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
There are several ways to protect your data and maintain your privacy when using the internet:
HTTPS Encryption
Use HTTPS: HTTPS encrypts the data between your browser and the server, making it harder for anyone to intercept and read your data. Always look for the "https" or a padlock in your browser's URL bar to ensure that the website you are visiting is secure.
Virtual Private Network - VPN
Virtual Private Network (VPN): A VPN encrypts your internet connection, making it much harder for attackers to intercept your data. It also hides your IP address, making your online actions much harder to track.
Firewalls
Firewalls: Firewalls act as a barrier between your device and the internet by closing ports to communication. This can help prevent unauthorised access to your network.
Antivirus Software
Antivirus Software: This software can protect your device from malware that can steal data, damage your files, or use your device for malicious activities.
Software Updates
Software Updates: Regularly updating your device's operating system and applications can help protect against the latest threats. Many updates include patches for security vulnerabilities.
Password Managers
Password Managers: These can help you create strong, unique passwords for each online account. Unique passwords reduce the risk that one compromised password could lead to others being compromised too.
Two-Factor Authentication - 2FA
Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): 2FA adds an additional layer of security by requiring a second form of identification beyond just a password.
Phishing Scams
Avoid Phishing Scams: Be cautious of emails, messages, or websites asking for personal information. Phishing scams typically impersonate a reputable organisation to trick you into giving away sensitive information like your username, password, or credit card details.
Privacy Settings
Privacy Settings: Regularly review the privacy settings on your online accounts. Some platforms may share more information by default than you are comfortable with.
Data Backup
Data Backup: Regularly backing up your data ensures that you will not lose your information if you are the victim of a ransomware attack or if your device is stolen or damaged.
Remember, no single strategy is enough to ensure your security. Combining these strategies will provide multiple layers of protection, significantly enhancing your online security.
Virtual Private Networks - VPNs
Question Asked: Discuss Virtual Private Networks further.
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
Sure, I'd be happy to explain more about Virtual Private Networks, or VPNs.
A VPN is a service that creates a private network from a public internet connection. It masks your internet protocol (IP) address so your online actions are virtually untraceable. VPN services also establish secure and encrypted connections to provide greater privacy than even a secured Wi-Fi hotspot.
Here's a bit more detail on how a VPN works:
Data Encryption
Data Encryption: When you connect to a VPN, your data is encrypted. This means that the data is scrambled into a code so that it cannot be understood without the correct decryption key.
Secure Connection
Secure Connection: The VPN then creates a secure connection, often called a "tunnel", between your device and the server operated by the VPN service. This tunnel ensures that the data being transmitted is secured from outsiders.
IP Address Masking
IP Address Masking: Once your data reaches the VPN server, it is decrypted and sent to its destination on the internet. Importantly, the data appears to be coming from the VPN server, not your personal device, and shows the VPN server's IP address. This hides your personal IP address and can even make it appear as though you're browsing from a different location.
VPN Advantages
The benefits of using a VPN include:
Privacy
Privacy: Since a VPN hides your IP address and encrypts your data, it's much harder for third parties to track your online activities.
Security
Security: VPNs provide an additional layer of security, especially when using public Wi-Fi networks, which are often unsecured and can expose your data to cybercriminals.
Geo-Restricted Content
Access to Geo-Restricted Content: Because you can choose the location of the server you connect to when using a VPN, you can access content that is only available in certain locations. For example, if a video is only available to viewers in the UK, you can use a VPN to connect to a server in the UK and access that video.
Censorship
Avoidance of Censorship: VPNs can help bypass internet censorship in countries that restrict access to certain websites.
VPN Disadvantages
However, there are a few considerations to keep in mind:
Logging Data
Not All VPNs Are Equal: Some VPNs may log your data, which could potentially be sold to third parties or accessed by law enforcement. It's crucial to choose a reputable VPN provider that respects your privacy.
Slower Speeds
Potential for Slower Speeds: Since your data is being routed through a separate server, you might experience slower internet speeds when using a VPN.
Legal & Ethical Considerations
Legal and Ethical Considerations: Using a VPN to bypass geo-restrictions or censorship may violate terms of service or local laws. It's essential to understand and consider these implications.
Remember, while a VPN significantly enhances your online privacy and security, it is not a silver bullet. It should be used as part of a broader set of security practices.
Operating System Software
Question Asked: Explain to a novice, the differences between the different types of operating system software to help them choose which to choose?
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
There are several operating systems (OS) available today, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. Here's a basic comparison of the most commonly used operating systems:
Windows Operating Systems
Windows: Developed by Microsoft, Windows is the most widely used operating system for personal computers. It's known for its user-friendly interface and wide compatibility with various hardware and software. This makes it an excellent choice for those who want a straightforward, accessible, and versatile OS. However, it can be more susceptible to viruses than other operating systems, so regular updates and a good antivirus program are essential.
MAC Operating Systems
macOS: This is the operating system used on Apple Mac computers. It's praised for its sleek design, stability, and seamless integration with other Apple products like the iPhone and iPad. The macOS also comes with high-quality preinstalled software for tasks like video and music editing. On the downside, Mac computers (and by extension, macOS) tend to be more expensive, and the OS isn't compatible with some software that works on Windows.
Linux Operating Systems
Linux: Linux is an open-source operating system, which means it's free and its code is accessible for users to modify. It's known for its high level of security and stability, and it's a favourite among programmers and system administrators. Many different "distributions" of Linux exist, such as Ubuntu and Fedora, each offering a different user experience. However, Linux has a steeper learning curve, and it's not compatible with many popular software programs and games designed for Windows and macOS. It's also less user-friendly for those not accustomed to its interface.
Chrome Operating Systems
Chrome OS: Developed by Google, Chrome OS is used on Chromebook laptops. It's lightweight, fast, and secure, designed primarily for tasks that can be done using a web browser, with tight integration with Google's services like Google Drive and Google Docs. It also supports Android apps. However, its functionality can be limited when offline, and it's not suitable for heavy-duty gaming or professional-level media editing.
Choosing the right operating system depends on your specific needs:
User-Friendly Operating Systems
If you're looking for a user-friendly OS and broad software compatibility, Windows could be a great choice.
Design & Security Operating Systems
If you want a sleek design, more security, and you're a fan of Apple's ecosystem, you might lean towards macOS.
Developer Operating Systems
If you're a developer or you prefer open-source software and don't mind a steeper learning curve, Linux might be the OS for you.
Simple, Fast, & Low-Maintenance Operating Systems
If you primarily use web-based applications and prefer a simple, fast, and low-maintenance OS, consider Chrome OS.
Remember, you can often try out an OS before fully committing to it. For example, you can install Linux alongside Windows on the same computer, or use a live USB to test it out. This might help you get a feel for different operating systems and decide which one is the best fit for you.
Firewalls – How They Work
Question Asked: Discuss to a novice what firewalls do and how they work. What are the key factors to consider?
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It establishes a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external network, such as the Internet.
Here's a simplified explanation of how a firewall works:
Traffic Monitoring
Traffic Monitoring: A firewall examines all the data packets (small chunks of data) coming into or going out of a network. Each packet carries information about where it's from, where it's going, and what it contains.
Rule Checking
Rule Checking: The firewall compares the details of each packet against a set of rules. For example, a rule might be to block all traffic coming from a certain IP address, or to allow all traffic on a specific port.
Packets
Action on Packets: If the packet matches a rule that says it should be allowed through, the firewall lets it pass. If it matches a rule that says it should be blocked, the firewall stops the packet from passing through. If there's no matching rule, the firewall takes a default action (either allowing or blocking the packet, depending on the firewall's settings).
Firewall Hardware & Software
Firewalls can be hardware or software:
Hardware Firewalls
Hardware Firewalls: These are physical devices connected between your network and the internet. They're typically used in businesses or by network providers.
Software Firewalls
Software Firewalls: These are programs installed on individual devices (like your laptop or smartphone). They protect that specific device, regardless of the network it's connected to.
Key factors to consider when setting up and managing a firewall include:
Security Needs
Security Needs: The configuration of your firewall should be guided by the security needs of your network or device. For example, if you're running a server, you might need different rules than if you're just browsing the web on a personal laptop.
Types Of Firewalls
Types of Firewalls: Not all firewalls work the same way. Some look at the "ports" a packet is intended for, some examine the packet's contents, and some use more sophisticated methods. The right type of firewall for you depends on your specific needs and technical expertise.
Updates & Maintenance
Updates and Maintenance: Firewalls need to be kept up to date to protect against new threats. Regularly updating your firewall's rules and software is critical.
Security & Usability
Balance Between Security and Usability: A firewall that blocks all traffic would provide maximum security, but it would also prevent you from using the internet. You need to strike a balance between keeping your network secure and allowing necessary network traffic.
Layered Security Approach
Firewall Alone is Not Enough: While firewalls are an essential part of network security, they're not enough on their own. They should be used as part of a layered security approach, including antivirus software, secure network practices, and user education about security risks.
Remember, a firewall helps protect your network and devices from unauthorised access and malicious software, but it's not a cure-all for network security. Regular software updates, safe online habits, and additional security measures are also necessary.
Antivirus Software
Question Asked: Discuss: antivirus software, secure network practices, and user education about security risks.
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
Sure, let's delve into those topics:
Antivirus Software
Antivirus Software: Antivirus software is a program designed to prevent, detect, and remove malware from your computer or network. It works by scanning files and systems for patterns that match a database of known threats. When it finds a match, it either quarantines or deletes the malicious file. Some antivirus software also includes protection against other threats, like phishing attacks or malicious websites. It's important to keep your antivirus software updated, as new threats are constantly emerging.
Secure Network Practices
Secure Network Practices: These are actions you can take to protect your network and devices. They include using strong, unique passwords for all accounts and changing them regularly; enabling two-factor authentication where available; only downloading software from trusted sources; keeping your operating system and all software updated; backing up important data regularly; and being cautious when using public Wi-Fi networks, as they can be less secure than your private home or work network.
Education About Security Risks
User Education about Security Risks: This is about helping people understand the various risks they face when using digital devices and networks, and how to mitigate those risks. Topics might include how to recognise and avoid phishing emails, the dangers of downloading files or software from untrusted sources, the importance of not sharing passwords or other sensitive information, and the need to lock devices when they're not in use. Many security breaches occur because of user error, so education is a critical part of any security strategy.
Together, these measures can greatly reduce the risk of a security breach. However, no system is completely secure, so it's also important to have a plan in place for responding to security incidents if they do occur. This might include steps for identifying and isolating affected systems, removing the threat, recovering lost data from backups, and notifying affected individuals if their personal information may have been exposed.
Two-Factor Authentication
Question Asked: Discuss two-factor authentication further.
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
Two-factor authentication (2FA), also known as multi-factor authentication, adds an extra layer of security to your online accounts. It requires not just a password (something you know) but also a second factor, typically something you have or something you are, to verify your identity. This makes it much harder for an unauthorised person to gain access to your accounts.
Multi-Factor Authentication
Here are the most common forms of 2FA:
Password & PIN
Something You Know (Password or PIN): This is the first layer of authentication, and it's something you know, like a password or a PIN.
Tokens
Something You Have (Phone or Hardware Token): The second layer could be a device that you physically have, like your mobile phone or a hardware token. After you enter your password, you'll be asked to enter a code that's been sent to your phone via text message, or generated by an app, or displayed on a hardware token. Because an attacker would need physical access to your device to get this code, this greatly increases the security of your account.
Biometric
Something You Are (Biometric): Some systems also use biometric data as a second factor, like your fingerprint or face recognition (as seen in many smartphones today), or even your retinal or iris pattern. These are unique to you and can't be lost or forgotten like a password can.
Here are some important things to note about two-factor authentication:
Strengthening Security
Strengthens Security: 2FA significantly enhances the security of your online accounts by adding this second layer of protection. Even if someone else gets your password, they would also need the second factor to access your account.
Options
Multiple Options: Many online services offer 2FA options, such as Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, and most banking institutions. It's a good idea to enable 2FA whenever possible.
Ease Of Use
Ease of Use: While 2FA may seem like a hassle, it's generally easy to use. For example, many smartphones and apps can handle 2FA processes smoothly and automatically.
Back-Up
Backup Methods: It's a good idea to have a backup method in place for 2FA in case your primary method (like your phone) is lost or unavailable. This could be a set of backup codes provided by the service, or a secondary device or phone number.
Remember, two-factor authentication isn't a silver bullet for online security. It should be used in combination with other security measures, like strong, unique passwords and being careful with the information you share online.
Attacks
Question Asked: Explain what phishing attacks , malicious website is and what to do about them.
Phishing Attacks Explanation
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
Phishing Attacks: Phishing is a type of cyber-attack that uses email, social media, advertisements, or other platforms to trick users into giving away sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, credit card numbers, social security numbers, or other personal information. The attacker pretends to be a trustworthy entity, often imitating the look and feel of a reputable company or institution.
For example, you might receive an email that looks like it's from your bank, asking you to click a link to verify your account details. The link leads to a fake website that looks like your bank's site, and when you enter your login details, the attackers capture them.
Phishing Attacks - Protection
To protect yourself from phishing attacks:
Unsolicited Communications
Be wary of unsolicited communications asking for sensitive information.
Email Sender's Address
Check the email sender's address carefully.
Navigate To Website Directly
Don't click on links in suspicious emails. Instead, navigate to the website directly by typing the URL into your browser.
HTTPs
Look for signs that a website is secure, like a URL that begins with "https" and a padlock icon in the address bar.
Two-Factor Authentication
Use two-factor authentication, when possible, as it can prevent attackers from accessing your account even if they get your password.
Malicious Websites
Malicious Websites: These are websites that attempt to install malware on your device or steal your personal information. They may do this through drive-by downloads (where a website automatically downloads malware to your device without your knowledge), deceptive pop-up ads, or forms that ask for personal information.
Malicious websites often look just like legitimate sites. They may mimic the look of a reputable site, or use a URL that's very similar to the real one.
To protect yourself from malicious websites:
Keep Up To Date
Keep your browser and operating system updated, as updates often include security patches.
Update Antivirus Software
Install and regularly update antivirus software, which can often detect and block malicious websites.
Suspicious Links
Don't click on suspicious links, especially those in unsolicited emails or messages.
Website's URL
Check the website's URL carefully to make sure it's the legitimate site.
Padlock
As with phishing, look for signs that a website is secure, like a URL that begins with "https" and a padlock icon in the address bar.
Deception Awareness
Both phishing attacks and malicious websites rely on deception to trick users into giving away their information or installing malware. The key to protecting yourself is to be cautious, especially with unsolicited communications and unfamiliar websites.
Knowledge Expansion & Jargon Definitions
Question Asked: What else does a novice need to know about connecting to and using the internet?
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
In addition to understanding the basics of network security, here are a few more things that a novice might find useful when connecting to and using the internet:
Basic Terms & Jargon
Understanding of Basic Terms: It's helpful to know some basic internet and networking terms. For example:
Browsers
Browser: A software application used to access the internet. Examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and Microsoft Edge.
Uniform Resource Locator - URL
URL (Uniform Resource Locator): The address of a specific webpage.
Internet Service Provider - ISP
ISP (Internet Service Provider): The company that provides you with access to the internet.
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi: A technology that allows devices to connect to the internet wirelessly.
Ethernet
Ethernet: A way of connecting devices in a network through a wired connection.
Web Browsing
Web Browsing: Be aware that not all information found on the internet is reliable or accurate. Cross-check facts with multiple sources when possible. Also, be aware of your digital footprint. What you do online, the sites you visit, the things you post, all leave traces.
Email Etiquette
Email Etiquette: Don't open email attachments or click on links from unknown sources. Always consider whether an email request is typical of the person or company it appears to be from.
Software Updates
Software Updates: Regularly updating your operating system and software applications is crucial. Updates often include patches for security vulnerabilities that have been discovered since the last version was released.
Privacy Settings
Privacy Settings: Pay attention to the privacy settings on your devices, as well as on the websites and apps you use. These settings control who can see your information and what data is collected about you.
Backup
Backup: Always keep a backup of your important files. This can help you recover your data if it's lost or compromised.
Online Etiquette
Online Etiquette: Be respectful and considerate in your online interactions. Remember that there's a real person on the other end of every online conversation.
Cyberbullying Awareness
Cyberbullying: Be aware of cyberbullying, both as a potential victim and a potential perpetrator. If you or someone you know is being harassed online, report it to the appropriate authorities.
Risk Management
Remember, the internet is a powerful tool, but it also comes with risks. Being aware of these risks and taking steps to mitigate them can help ensure that your online experience is safe and positive.
Support For A Novice User
Question Asked: Discuss how an AI such as Chat GPT, could help and support a novice user of the internet.
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
AI models like ChatGPT can play a significant role in supporting novice internet users in multiple ways:
Information & Explanation
Information and Explanation: AI can provide clear, easy-to-understand explanations of internet concepts, technologies, and best practices. This can be a big help for novice users who are trying to understand new terms and concepts. For example, it could explain what a browser is, how to set up an email account, or how to create a strong password.
Guidance & Recommendations
Guidance and Recommendations: AI can offer guidance on how to use the internet safely and effectively. It could provide tips on how to recognise and avoid phishing emails, how to configure privacy settings, and how to handle cyberbullying. It can also recommend reliable sources of information or useful online tools.
Troubleshooting & Problem Solving
Troubleshooting and Problem Solving: If a user encounters a problem, AI can help diagnose the issue and suggest solutions. For instance, if a user can't connect to the internet, the AI could guide them through a series of steps to identify and resolve the problem.
Learning At Own Pace
Learning at Own Pace: AI allows users to learn at their own pace. They can ask questions as they arise and revisit previous explanations as often as they like. This can make the learning process less stressful and more effective.
24/7 Availability
24/7 Availability: AI can provide assistance at any time of day or night. This can be especially helpful for novice users, who might feel more comfortable asking questions or seeking help when they're alone.
Personalised Learning
Personalised Learning: Over time, AI can adapt to the individual user's level of understanding and provide personalised guidance. For instance, if a user consistently struggles with a certain concept, the AI could offer additional explanations or resources.
Support With Accessibility
Support with Accessibility: For users with disabilities, AI can provide assistance tailored to their specific needs. For instance, speech-to-text and text-to-speech functionalities can help visually impaired or dyslexic users.
Tool For Helping Novice Internet Users
In all these ways, AI can be a valuable tool for helping novice internet users gain confidence and competence. However, it's important to remember that AI is not a substitute for human support and should be used in conjunction with other resources and supports.
Choosing A Computing Device - Questions
Question Asked: Create a list of all the key factors the novice should ask, before buying a PC etc.
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
Factors To Consider
When buying a PC, it's important to consider several factors to ensure the computer will meet your needs. Here's a list of key questions a novice should ask:
Intended Use
What will I be using the PC for? This will determine the specifications you need. For instance, if you'll be using it mainly for word processing and browsing the internet, you might not need as powerful a machine as if you're planning to do graphic design or gaming.
Budget
What is my budget? This will narrow down your options and help you prioritise what features are most important to you.
Mobility
Should I get a desktop or a laptop? If you need mobility, a laptop would be the better choice. However, desktops often provide more power and upgradability for the same price.
Operating Systems Preferences
What operating system do I prefer? The most common are Windows, macOS, and Linux. Each has its strengths and weaknesses, and the best one for you depends on your needs and preferences.
Processors - CPU
What processor does it have? The processor (or CPU) is the brain of your computer. More powerful processors will provide better performance.
Random Access Memory - RAM
How much RAM does it have? RAM (Random Access Memory) is where your computer temporarily stores data it's currently working with. More RAM can help your computer run more smoothly, especially if you're planning to run multiple applications at once.
Types Of Storage Of Data
What kind of storage does it have and how much? SSD (Solid State Drive) storage is faster and more reliable than traditional HDD (Hard Disk Drive), but it's also more expensive. Consider how much storage space you'll need for your files and applications.
Graphics Card
What type of graphics card does it have? If you're planning to do gaming, video editing, or other graphically intensive tasks, you'll need a good graphics card.
Screen Size & Resolution
What's the screen size and resolution? If you'll be using your computer for watching movies or editing photos, you might want a larger screen with high resolution.
Connectivity – Types Of Ports Needed
What kind of ports does it have? Ensure it has the necessary ports for your needs - USB, HDMI, SD card slot, etc.
Warranty & Software Expirations Dates
How long is the warranty, and what does it cover? This can protect you in case of hardware faults or issues.
Battery Life
What is the battery life (for laptops)? If you're planning to use your laptop on the go, you'll want a battery that can last.
Weight Of Device
How much does it weigh (for laptops)? If you'll be carrying it around a lot, a lighter laptop would be beneficial.
Keyboard & Touchpad
Is the keyboard and touchpad comfortable to use? This can significantly impact your user experience.
Upgradability
Can it be upgraded in the future? Some PCs allow you to upgrade components like RAM or storage, which can extend the life of your machine.
Research Your choices
Remember, the best PC for you depends on your individual needs and circumstances. It can be helpful to do some research and ask for advice before making a decision.
Jargon Terms Defined
Question Asked: Create a list for explanation for jargon terms used.
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
Sure, here are explanations for some common computer and internet jargon:
Personal Computer - PC
PC (Personal Computer): A general-purpose computer designed for individual use.
Operating System - OS
Operating System: The primary software that manages all the hardware and software on a computer. Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Central Processing Unit - CPU
CPU (Central Processing Unit): Often referred to as the "brain" of the computer, it's the primary component of a computer that performs most of the processing inside the computer.
Random Access Memory - RAM
RAM (Random Access Memory): A type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; it is the main memory of the computer where the operating system, application programs, and data in current use are kept.
HDD - Hard Disk Drive & SSD - Solid State Drive
HDD (Hard Disk Drive) and SSD (Solid State Drive): These are storage devices. HDDs are older and slower but cheaper, while SSDs are faster and more reliable but more expensive.
Graphics Card & Video Card
Graphics Card: Also known as a video card, it's a piece of hardware in a computer that creates the images seen on the monitor.
Resolution
Resolution: This refers to the number of distinct pixels that can be displayed on a screen, often described as width x height (for example, 1920x1080).
Ports
Ports: Physical docking points using which external devices are connected to the machine. Examples include USB ports for connecting peripherals like mice and keyboards, HDMI ports for monitors, etc.
Warranty
Warranty: A guarantee given to the purchaser by a company stating that a product is reliable and free from known defects and that the seller will repair or replace defective parts within a given time limit and under certain conditions.
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi: A technology that allows devices to connect to the internet or communicate with one another wirelessly within a particular area.
Browser
Browser: A software application used to access the internet. Examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and Microsoft Edge.
Uniform Resource Locator - URL
URL (Uniform Resource Locator): The address of a specific webpage or file on the internet.
Internet Service Provider - ISP
ISP (Internet Service Provider): The company that provides you with access to the internet.
Phishing
Phishing: A type of cyber-attack that uses email or a fake website to deceive recipients into revealing personal information.
Malware
Malware: Malicious software designed to harm, disrupt, or bypass the security measures of an information system, like a virus or worm.
Firewall
Firewall: A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
Virtual Private Network - VPN
VPN (Virtual Private Network): A service that allows you to create a secure connection to another network over the Internet. It can hide your IP address and location, and encrypt your data to make it unreadable to outsiders.
Antivirus Software
Antivirus Software: A program designed to prevent, detect, and remove malware from your computer or network.
Two-Factor Authentication - 2FA
Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): An extra layer of security that requires not only a password and username but also something that only the user has on them, i.e., a piece of information only they should know or have immediately at hand - such as a physical token.
These are just a few of the many terms you might encounter. If you come across a term you don't understand, don't hesitate to ask or look it up!
Conversation with Open AI’s ChatGPT4 and Edited by F McCullough, Copyright 10 May 2023 ©
Conversation Continued With AI’s Chat GPT 4 and Edited by F McCullough 29 May 2023 ©
Malware – Steps To Clean
Question Asked: Create a list of steps to take if your device has been infected with malware.
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
If you suspect your device has been infected with malware, follow these steps:
Disconnect From The Internet
Disconnect from the Internet: To prevent any data from being stolen and to avoid the malware from spreading to other devices on your network, disconnect your device from the internet. However, be sure to stay connected if you need the internet to download or update antivirus software.
Enter Safe Mode
Enter Safe Mode: If you're using a PC, reboot your system into Safe Mode. In this mode, only the essential programs and services needed to run the operating system are started, which can help prevent the malware from spreading or interfering with the clean-up process.
Back Up Files
Back Up Your Files: If you can, back up your important files onto an external hard drive or cloud storage service. However, be aware that there's a risk that these files could also be infected.
Identify Malware
Identify the Malware: Try to identify the malware that's infected your system. You can do this by looking for any recent changes to your files or system, checking your system's performance, or looking for any programs or services that you don't recognise.
Remove Malware
Remove the Malware: Use a reputable antivirus or antimalware software to scan your system and remove the malware. Some software allows you to create a bootable USB or DVD to clean an infected system.
Update Software & Operating System
Update Your Software and Operating System: Make sure your operating system and all your software are up to date. Updates often include patches for security vulnerabilities that malware can exploit.
Change Passwords
Change Your Passwords: After the malware has been removed, change all your passwords. This includes not just your computer's password, but also the passwords for any online accounts you've accessed from the infected device.
Monitor Device
Monitor Your Device: After the malware has been removed, keep a close eye on your device to see if there are any signs that the malware might still be present.
Get Help
Contact a Professional: If you're unable to remove the malware yourself, or if you're not comfortable doing so, contact a professional. Many companies offer services to help with malware removal.
Prevention Strategy
Remember, prevention is the best strategy against malware. Always keep your software and operating system updated, be careful when downloading files or clicking on links, and use strong, unique passwords for all your accounts.
Keeping Up To Date
Question Asked: Devices can be complex with many updates needed from system and individual software updates. Elaborate for a novice how best to ensure all updates are kept up to date and how to find out if they are.
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
Keeping your devices and software updated is crucial for maintaining the security and performance of your system. Software updates often come with patches that fix security vulnerabilities, and they can also provide new features and improvements.
Here's a general guideline on how to manage updates:
Automatic Updates
Automatic Updates: Most operating systems and software offer the option to automatically download and install updates. Enabling this feature ensures your device stays updated without requiring manual intervention.
On Windows, you can find these settings under "Windows Update" in the Settings menu. For macOS, you can find these settings under "Software Update" in the System Preferences. Remember to occasionally check these settings to ensure automatic updates are enabled.
Schedule Updates
Scheduled Updates: Some systems allow you to schedule updates for a specific time, such as overnight or when you're least likely to be using the device. This can prevent updates from interrupting your work.
Software Updates
Software Updates: Don't forget about individual applications. Software like web browsers, productivity apps, and antivirus software also need to be updated regularly. Some apps will automatically check for updates when you open them, but for others, you may need to go into the app's settings or preferences to check for updates.
Mobile Devices
Mobile Devices: For smartphones and tablets, updates are typically managed through the device's settings or the App Store (for iOS devices) or Google Play Store (for Android devices). You can usually set your device to automatically update apps, or you can manually update them from the app store.
Manually Check For Updates
Regular Checks: Even if you've enabled automatic updates, it's a good idea to manually check for updates periodically. Sometimes updates can fail to install properly, or automatic updates can get turned off by mistake.
Update Notifications
Update Notifications: Pay attention to notifications that tell you updates are available. Don't ignore these—they're an important reminder that you should update your software or system.
Secure Connection
Secure Connection: Always ensure that you are on a secure and reliable internet connection when updating your device. An interrupted update could lead to software corruption.
Software Tools
Keeping your software and devices updated might seem like a hassle, but it's one of the most important things you can do to keep your digital environment secure. Plus, it ensures that you're always using the latest and greatest versions of your software tools.
Security Maintenance
Question Asked: What else does a novice need to know and consider to be effective as far as security is concerned?
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
While we've already covered many aspects of internet security, there are still a few more important areas a novice should know about to maintain a high level of security while using the internet:
Email Safety
Email Safety: Be wary of unsolicited emails, especially those that ask for personal information or include suspicious links or attachments. These could be phishing attempts. When in doubt, don't click the link or download the attachment.
Secure Websites
Secure Websites: When shopping online or entering sensitive information, make sure the website's URL starts with "https://" instead of "http://". The "s" stands for secure and means that the data transmitted between you and the site is encrypted.
Social Media Privacy
Social Media Privacy: Be careful about what you share on social media. Make sure your privacy settings are set to only share information with people you trust. Remember, once something is online, it can be very difficult to completely remove it.
Software Downloads
Software Downloads: Only download software from trusted sources. Downloading from questionable sources can lead to malware infections. If you're unsure, do some research to see if the source is generally considered trustworthy.
Public Wi-Fi
Public Wi-Fi: Be cautious when using public Wi-Fi networks, such as those at coffee shops or airports. These networks are often unencrypted, which means that anyone on the network could potentially view the data you're sending and receiving. Use a VPN if you need to access sensitive information on a public network.
Physical Security
Physical Security: Physical access to your device can be just as dangerous as digital access. Don't leave your devices unattended in public places, and consider using a lock screen on your devices to prevent unauthorised access.
Regularly Review Accounts
Regularly Review Accounts: Regularly check your online accounts for any suspicious activity. This includes social media, email, banking, and any other accounts that contain personal information. If you see anything out of the ordinary, report it to the service provider.
Educate Yourself - Cybersecurity
Educate Yourself: Cybersecurity is an ever-evolving field. New threats are constantly emerging, and security practices can change over time. Keep yourself educated about the latest security threats and best practices.
Be Vigilant
Remember, security is not a one-time thing. It's an ongoing process that requires regular attention and action. Stay vigilant and take proactive steps to secure your online presence.
Back-up Effectiveness
Question Asked: Explain and elaborate to a novice how to effectively back up data.
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
Backing up your data is an essential practice for anyone using digital devices. It safeguards your valuable data, such as documents, photos, and emails, against potential loss due to accidental deletion, device damage, theft, or cyber-attacks like ransomware. Here's how you can effectively back up your data:
Understand What Data To Backup
Understand What Data to Backup: First, identify the data that's important to you. This might include documents, photos, videos, emails, and contacts. If you're using a software application that stores data (like a video game or a budgeting app), don't forget about those files, too.
Use Automatic Backup Software
Use Automatic Backup Software: Many operating systems come with built-in backup software. On Windows, you can use File History or Backup and Restore. On macOS, you can use Time Machine. These tools can automatically back up your files to an external drive or network location on a schedule that you set.
Use Cloud Backup Services
Use Cloud Backup Services: Services like Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive, and iCloud allow you to store your files in the cloud. Some of these services offer automatic syncing, which means that when you change a file on your computer, the changes are automatically saved to the cloud.
Keep Multiple Backups
Keep Multiple Backups: To further safeguard your data, consider keeping multiple backups on different storage mediums or locations. This approach, known as the 3-2-1 rule, suggests having at least three copies of your data, two local but on different mediums (like on your computer and an external hard drive), and one offsite (like on a cloud service).
Verify Your Backups
Verify Your Backups: Occasionally, check to make sure your backups are working properly. You can do this by opening the backup file and looking at the contents, or by restoring a few files from the backup to make sure they come back intact.
Secure Your Backups
Secure Your Backups: If your backup includes sensitive data, make sure it's secure. If you're using an external hard drive, store it in a secure location. If you're using a cloud service, use a strong, unique password and enable two-factor authentication, if available.
Regularly Update Your Backups
Regularly Update Your Backups: Ensure your backups are kept up to date. How often you should backup depends on how frequently your data changes. If you're working on an important document, you might want to back up every day. If your files don't change often, weekly or monthly backups might be sufficient.
Remember, the goal of backing up is to make sure you can recover your data if something happens to the original files. It's a bit like insurance for your digital life. The peace of mind that comes from knowing your data is safe is well worth the effort to set up and maintain your backups.
Privacy Settings
Question Asked: Explain and elaborate on the differing types of Privacy Settings for a novice.
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
Privacy settings are features provided by most digital platforms that allow you to control who can see your information and how your data is used. Understanding these settings is crucial to maintaining your online privacy. Here are the main types of privacy settings you might encounter:
Profile Privacy
Profile Privacy: This is most common on social media platforms. You can control who can see your profile information (like your email, birthday, or phone number), your posts, your photos, and even your friends list. Some platforms offer a simple public/private option, while others allow fine-grained control over each piece of information.
Location Settings
Location Settings: Many apps and websites request access to your location data. You can often choose whether to always allow this, to only allow it while using the app, or to never allow it. You can also decide if you want your photos to include location data when shared.
Data Sharing Settings
Data Sharing Settings: These settings control how your data is shared with third parties. This could include targeted advertising, app data sharing, or data sharing for research purposes.
Cookie Settings
Cookie Settings: Websites use cookies to track your behaviour and preferences. You can usually choose to accept all cookies, block all cookies, or selectively allow cookies. However, blocking all cookies may prevent some websites from working correctly.
Search Privacy
Search Privacy: Search engines often track your searches to provide personalised results and advertisements. Some search engines provide options to turn off search history tracking or to use private (or "incognito") mode to avoid tracking.
App Permissions
App Permissions: Mobile apps often request permissions to access certain information or features on your device (like your camera, microphone, or contacts). You can usually choose to allow or deny these permissions individually for each app.
Two-Factor Authentication
Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): While not a privacy setting per se, 2FA is an important security feature that can protect your privacy by adding an extra layer of security to your accounts, making it harder for others to access your information.
Remember, privacy settings can often be complex, and they can change as platforms update their policies and interfaces. It's a good idea to review your privacy settings regularly and after any major updates. Also, be wary of any platform that doesn't provide satisfactory privacy controls – it may be a sign that your privacy isn't their priority.
Security Review Schedule
Question Asked: Create a regular schedule to plan to review security issues for a novice and add some more complex tasks so they can learn more over time and develop their expertise.
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
It's an excellent idea to establish a regular schedule for reviewing and improving your digital security. This will not only help maintain your existing protections but will also allow you to gradually build up your knowledge and skills. Here's an example of how such a schedule might look:
Weekly Tasks
Updates
Check for Updates: Review all your devices and software to see if there are updates available. If so, install them.
Browser Extensions
Review Browser Extensions: Check the extensions you've added to your web browser. Remove any that you no longer use or find suspicious.
Back-Up Data
Back Up Your Data: Make sure all-important files are backed up. Verify the integrity of the backups.
Monthly Tasks
Password Audit
Password Audit: Check your passwords to make sure they're strong and unique. Consider changing any weak or duplicated passwords.
Review Privacy Settings
Review Privacy Settings: Check the privacy settings on your social media accounts, email, and other platforms to ensure they're at the level you want.
Review App Permissions
Review App Permissions: Look at the permissions for your mobile apps. Make sure they only have access to what they need.
Quarterly Tasks
Two-Factor Authentication
Two-Factor Authentication: Review your accounts and see if there are any that could benefit from enabling Two-Factor Authentication.
Clean Devices
Clean Your Devices: Uninstall any unused or unnecessary software from your devices. This can help improve performance and eliminate potential security vulnerabilities.
Learn About Cybersecurity
Educate Yourself: Learn about a new topic related to cybersecurity. This could be understanding what VPNs do, learning about encryption, or studying different types of malwares.
Yearly Tasks
Complete System Review
Complete System Review: Check your entire system for any potential security holes. You might want to hire a professional for this when you're first starting out.
Physical Security Audit
Physical Security Audit: Assess the physical security of your devices. This could involve checking if your devices are set to auto-lock after a period of inactivity or verifying that your home network equipment is stored in a secure place.
Deep Clean & Optimise
Deep Clean and Optimise: Perform a comprehensive clean-up and optimisation of your systems. Delete unused files, optimise your storage, and update all software.
Remember, building up expertise in digital security doesn't happen overnight. It's a gradual process that involves continual learning and practice. This schedule should help you stay on track and progressively develop your knowledge and skills.
Cookies
Question Asked: Discuss and elaborate Cookies for a novice, with more advanced actions to learn.
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
"Cookies" in the context of computing and internet browsing refer to small text files that are stored on your computer by your web browser when you visit a website. Cookies are used by websites to remember information about you, such as your login information, your site preferences, or the items in your shopping cart.
There are two main types of cookies:
Session Cookies
Session Cookies: These are temporary cookies that are only stored on your device for the duration of your browsing session. They're deleted as soon as you close your browser. Session cookies are often used to remember what you have in your shopping cart or to maintain your logged-in status during your session.
Persistent Cookies
Persistent Cookies: These cookies remain on your device for a set period of time or until you manually delete them. Persistent cookies are used by websites to remember your preferences and settings for future visits.
Here are some more advanced actions and concepts related to cookies:
Third-Party Cookies
Third-Party Cookies: These are cookies set by a domain other than the one you are currently visiting. They are often used for tracking and online-advertising purposes and are generally considered less privacy-friendly. Some browsers and privacy tools offer options to block third-party cookies.
Cookie Management
Cookie Management: You can view, delete, and manage cookies in the settings of most web browsers. This can be useful if you want to remove tracking cookies from advertisers or if a website isn't working correctly and you suspect a cookie might be the issue.
Privacy & Cookies
Privacy and Cookies: While cookies can enhance your browsing experience by remembering your preferences, they can also be used to track your browsing habits across multiple sites, which has raised privacy concerns. Some websites allow you to opt out of certain types of tracking cookies.
Cookie Notices
Cookie Notices: You've probably noticed that many websites present you with a notice about their use of cookies when you first visit. This is due to data protection laws that require websites to inform visitors about their use of cookies. These notices often provide an opportunity to manage your cookie preferences for the site.
Incognito / Private Browsing Mode
Incognito/Private Browsing Mode: Most browsers offer a private browsing mode (called Incognito mode in Google Chrome), where cookies are automatically deleted at the end of your browsing session. However, while this can help manage cookies, it doesn't make your browsing completely private or anonymous.
Remember, managing your cookies is a key part of maintaining your online privacy. It's worthwhile to familiarise yourself with your browser's cookie settings and make adjustments according to your comfort level.
Persistent Cookies
Question Asked: Elaborate how to remove / clean up persistent cookies.
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
Cleaning up or removing persistent cookies can be a useful way to protect your privacy online. Here's how you can do it on various popular browsers:
Google Chrome
Click on the three dots at the top right corner of the browser to open the menu.
Click on "Settings".
Scroll down and click on "Privacy and security".
Click on "Cookies and other site data".
Click on "See all cookies and site data" to view all cookies.
You can remove cookies individually by clicking the trash bin next to each one, or click "Remove All" to delete all cookies.
Mozilla Firefox
Click on the three lines at the top right corner of the browser to open the menu.
Click on "Options".
Click on "Privacy & Security" in the panel on the left.
Scroll down to "Cookies and Site Data" and click on "Manage Data…".
You can remove cookies individually by selecting a site and clicking "Remove Selected", or click "Remove All" to delete all cookies.
Safari
Click on "Safari" in the menu bar at the top of your screen.
Click on "Preferences".
Click on "Privacy".
Click on "Manage Website Data...".
You can remove cookies individually by selecting a site and clicking "Remove", or click "Remove All" to delete all cookies.
Microsoft Edge
Click on the three dots at the top right corner of the browser to open the menu.
Click on "Settings".
Click on "Privacy, search, and services" in the panel on the left.
Under "Clear browsing data", click on "Choose what to clear".
Select "Cookies and other site data", then click "Clear".
Block Third-Party Cookies
In all browsers, you also have the option to block third-party cookies, or to block all cookies, though be aware that this can impact the functionality of some websites.
Clear All Cookies
Keep in mind that deleting cookies will log you out of most sites and possibly reset any personalisation or preferences you have set on websites. Consider this before choosing to clear all cookies.
Supercookies
Also remember that clearing your cookies won't necessarily clear other tracking methods like Local Storage or Flash cookies (also known as supercookies). For comprehensive privacy protection, consider using privacy-oriented extensions or tools that can handle these other tracking methods, along with regular cookies.
Question Asked: Elaborate further about super cookies and how to remove them.
Zombie Cookies Or Flash Cookies
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
Supercookies, also known as zombie cookies or Flash cookies, are a type of tracking cookie that are more persistent and harder to remove than regular cookies. They are stored in a different location to regular cookies and can recreate user profiles even after regular cookies are deleted, hence the name "zombie".
Fingerprinting Techniques
Supercookies are usually stored by Adobe Flash (though they're becoming less common as Flash has been discontinued), but there are also other types of supercookies, like HTML5 Local Storage, and some methods that use fingerprinting techniques.
Managing Supercookies
As for how to remove them, it can be a bit more complex than removing regular cookies. Here's how you can manage supercookies:
Adobe Flash Supercookies
Adobe Flash Supercookies: Adobe provides a website where you can manage your Flash cookies: http://www.macromedia.com/support/documentation/en/flashplayer/help/settings_manager07.html . Here, you can delete existing Flash cookies and decide how much information websites can store in the future.
HTML5 Local Storage Supercookies
HTML5 Local Storage: This varies by browser, but generally you'll find it in the same place you clear browsing data. For instance, in Chrome, you'd go to "Settings" > "Privacy and Security" > "Clear Browsing Data", then ensure "Cookies and other site data" is selected.
ETags & HSTS Supercookies
Other Supercookies: For other types of supercookies, like ETags or HSTS supercookies, the best way to avoid them is by using a browser or extensions that block them by default. Privacy-oriented browsers like Firefox and Brave have good protection against these supercookies.
Removing Supercookies
Now, is it a good idea to remove them? Generally, yes. Supercookies are used for persistent tracking and they can infringe on your privacy as they are hard to remove and can recreate user profiles even after you've deleted regular cookies. However, keep in mind that not all cookies are bad – some are essential for websites to function properly.
Prevention
To protect your privacy, the best strategy is not just to remove these supercookies, but to prevent them in the first place. This can be done by using privacy-oriented browsers, enabling "private" or "incognito" mode, or using privacy-enhancing extensions that block tracking cookies and supercookies.
Note: Since Flash has been officially discontinued by Adobe as of the end of 2020, Flash cookies are becoming less of an issue. However, other forms of supercookies still persist.
Prefetch
Question Asked: Discuss the prefetch files.
Cache
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
Prefetch is a component of Microsoft Windows that was introduced in Windows XP. It's a feature designed to speed up the loading of applications. When an application is run from an executable file, the operating system stores (or "caches") information about this file and its usage in a Prefetch (.pf) file located in the Windows Prefetch folder. This cache can then be used in subsequent system startups or application launches to help load the necessary files more quickly.
Frequent Use Files
The Prefetch feature accomplishes this by observing the files and applications that you frequently use and preloading them into memory in anticipation of their future use. By doing this, the system can reduce the boot time and make applications open more quickly.
Prefetch is generally a beneficial feature that helps your system run more efficiently. However, some users choose to clean out their Prefetch data as part of system maintenance or privacy concerns. This can be done through certain clean-up tools or manually by deleting files from the Prefetch folder, but it's important to note that Windows will automatically manage these files as well, and they'll be recreated as you use applications.
Also, cleaning out Prefetch data may not provide any noticeable performance improvement and could potentially slow down application load times until the Prefetch data is rebuilt. Therefore, most users don't need to worry about managing their Prefetch files.
In terms of privacy, Prefetch files could potentially provide some insight into the applications that have been run on a system, but they don't contain personal data or browsing history. As such, they're not generally considered a major privacy concern. However, if you're worried about this, using a tool that cleans temporary files (like CCleaner) can also clear Prefetch data.
Digital Footprint
Question Asked: Discuss and elaborate digital footprint and how to consider permanence for a novice, especially in regard to death. What Is the best plan and options?
Question Answered by ChatGPT 4:
A "digital footprint" refers to the trail of data you create while using the internet. This includes things like social media posts, photos, comments, and even information collected by websites and apps as you use them, like location data or browsing history.
Permanency
In many ways, your digital footprint is permanent. While you can delete posts or photos, or even entire accounts, copies of this data may still exist elsewhere, either on company servers or in other people's devices if they've saved or screenshot the content.
In regards to death, managing a digital footprint becomes an important issue. Just like you'd plan for physical possessions in a will, it's becoming increasingly important to plan for digital assets as well. Here are a few things to consider:
Inventory Digital Assets
Inventory of Digital Assets: This includes all online accounts, social media, email, online storage, websites or blogs, financial accounts, shopping accounts, cloud storage accounts, etc. You should create a secure document detailing these accounts, how to access them (including passwords), and what should be done with them upon your death.
Digital Executor
Digital Executor: This is someone you trust who is given responsibility for managing your digital assets upon your death. This could be the same person as your regular executor, or it could be someone else who is more comfortable with technology.
Instructions For Digital Assets
Instructions for Digital Assets: Depending on the platform, you may have a variety of options for how to handle your account upon your death. For example, Facebook allows you to designate a "Legacy Contact" who can manage your memorialised account, or you can request that your account be deleted upon your death. Google also offers an "Inactive Account Manager" feature, which allows you to decide what will happen to your Gmail, Drive, and other Google data if your account becomes inactive.
Legal Considerations
Legal Considerations: Laws around digital assets and inheritance vary by location, so it's a good idea to consult with a lawyer when making these plans.
Consider A Service
Consider a Service: There are services available that can assist with managing digital legacies. These services can help you create a plan for your digital assets and ensure your wishes are carried out.
Digital Legacy
Finally, it's important to have open conversations with family members or loved ones about your digital legacy. Just like any other aspect of end-of-life planning, it's a topic that deserves attention and care.
Conversation With AI’s Chat GPT 4 and Edited by F McCullough 29 May 2023 ©
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Table Of Contents
WIFI &
Internet For The Novice - An Explanation
Wired
Equivalent Privacy - WEP
Wi-Fi
Protected Access II – WPA2
Wi-Fi
Protected Access III – WPA3
Two-Factor
Authentication - 2FA
Virtual
Private Networks - VPNs
Legal &
Ethical Considerations
User-Friendly
Operating Systems
Design &
Security Operating Systems
Simple, Fast,
& Low-Maintenance Operating Systems
Education
About Security Risks
Knowledge
Expansion & Jargon Definitions
Uniform
Resource Locator - URL
Internet
Service Provider - ISP
Troubleshooting
& Problem Solving
Tool For
Helping Novice Internet Users
Choosing A
Computing Device - Questions
Connectivity
– Types Of Ports Needed
Warranty
& Software Expirations Dates
HDD - Hard Disk Drive & SSD - Solid State
Drive
Uniform
Resource Locator - URL
Internet
Service Provider - ISP
Two-Factor
Authentication - 2FA
Update
Software & Operating System
Educate
Yourself - Cybersecurity
Understand
What Data To Backup
Incognito /
Private Browsing Mode
Zombie
Cookies Or Flash Cookies
HTML5 Local
Storage Supercookies
Instructions
For Digital Assets
Copyright
Keywords: Ad Blockers, Antivirus,
Backups, Browser Extensions, Browsers, Cookies, Data Breach, Digital Assets,
Digital Executor, Digital Footprint, Encryption, Firewalls, Flash Supercookies,
HTML5 Local Storage, Incognito Browsing, Internet, Internet Service Provider,
IP Address, Malware, Microsoft Windows Prefetch, Online Security, Password
Manager, Persistent Cookies, Phishing Attacks, Privacy Settings, Public Wi-Fi,
Secure Network Practices, Session Cookies, Supercookies, Two-Factor
Authentication, Virtual Private Networks, VPN, Wi-Fi Security, Zombie Cookies
Hashtags: #AdBlockers, #Antivirus,
#Backups, #BrowserExtensions, #Browsers, #Cookies, #DataBreach, #DigitalAssets,
#DigitalExecutor, #DigitalFootprint, #Encryption, #Firewalls,
#FlashSupercookies, #HTML5LocalStorage, #IncognitoBrowsing, #Internet,
#InternetServiceProvider, #IPAddress, #Malware, #MicrosoftWindowsPrefetch,
#OnlineSecurity, #PasswordManager, #PersistentCookies, #PhishingAttacks,
#PrivacySettings, #PublicWiFi, #SecureNetworkPractices, #SessionCookies,
#Supercookies, #TwoFactorAuthentication, #VirtualPrivateNetworks, #VPN,
#WiFiSecurity, #ZombieCookies
Created: 10 May 2023
Published: 29 May 2023